Unexpected date outcomes in JavaScript when using a similar date format

Why is it that the first input produces the correct result, while the second input displays a time that is 5 hours behind?

new Date("2000-1-1")
Sat Jan 01 2000 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (EST)
new Date("2000-01-01")
Fri Dec 31 1999 19:00:00 GMT-0500 (EST)

How can I make the second input function correctly?

var a = new Date("2000-1-1"); // Sat Jan 01 2000 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (EST)
var b = new Date("2000-01-01"); // Fri Dec 31 1999 19:00:00 GMT-0500 (EST)
console.log(a, a.getTime());
console.log(b, b.getTime());

Answer №1

The explanation for why this is happening can be found on the Date.parse() page of MDN, where it details officially-supported Date parameter formats. Essentially:

Differences in assumed time zone

If a date string like "March 7, 2014" is provided, parse() assumes a local time zone; but if an ISO format such as "2014-03-07" is used, it will assume UTC time zone (ES5 and ECMAScript 2015). This could result in Date objects representing different moments depending on the ECMAScript version unless the system is set to use UTC. Hence, two date strings that seem similar may yield different values depending on their format.

What you're observing is a combination of these factors:

  1. The constructor interprets your correctly-formatted ISO date value as UTC due to the lack of a specified time zone,
  2. It accurately detects your local computer timezone as U.S. Eastern and adjusts the value accordingly.

Consequently, you are witnessing the U.S. Eastern Time zone representation of midnight on January 1st, 2000, in UTC time (or 7 PM on December 31st, 1999).

In the case of the non-standard date format in your initial example, JS treats it differently by assuming the local timezone rather than UTC (a browser-specific handling of non-standard formats).

Answer №2

It is advised to never parse strings using the Date constructor or Date.parse since their behavior can vary significantly between different implementations, leading to unexpected results due to various quirks.

As per ECMA-262, the string "2000-01-01" should ideally be parsed as a valid ISO 8601 date-only format with timezone UTC+0000, but older browsers like IE 8 may struggle with this interpretation, sometimes treating it as a local date instead.

If the string provided is not in the precise ISO 8601 format like "2000-1-1", browsers may resort to different heuristics including returning invalid dates, parsing as a local date for January 1, 2000, or considering it as ISO 8601 and parsing it according to UTC+0000.

Current browsers often exhibit behaviors outlined in points 1 and 2 above when confronted with such scenarios.

To avoid these uncertainties, utilizing a library with a built-in parser that allows specifying the format of the string is recommended. Alternatively, if dealing with a single format, you can create a simple function like the following:

/* Parse ISO 8601 date only form as local
** @param {string} s - string in format YYYY-M[M]-D[D]
** @returns {Date} If date parts out of range, returns invalid date
*/
function parseISOLocal(s) {
  var b = s.split(/\D/);
  var d = new Date(b[0], --b[1], b[2]);
  return isNaN(d) || d.getMonth() != b[1]? new Date(NaN) : d;
}

['2000-1-1','2000-01-01','2000-2-29','1900-2-29'].forEach(function(s) {
  console.log(s + ' : ' + parseISOLocal(s).toString());
});

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