When utilizing Cordova exec, it is not simply a function for executing tasks on your device.
Instead, it serves as a way to invoke native code from JavaScript, with the caveat that the function being called must originate from either the Cordova framework or a plugin.
If the goal is to facilitate communication between applications, creating a custom plugin using native code may be necessary, although pre-existing plugins tailored to this purpose could also suffice.
On Android devices, inter-app communication can be achieved through intents; however, the process differs for iOS devices.
An example of an app launcher plugin that enables launching an app from another app can be found here.
For passing parameters and receiving results, the method is straightforward on Android – one just needs to include the parameters in the intent.
For IOS devices, further information can be obtained by referencing this documentation.