Leveraging Scanner/Parser/Lexer to compile scripts

In my current project, I'm developing a JavaScript collator/compositor using Java. While the implementation works, I feel there must be a more efficient way to handle it. I'm considering exploring the use of a Lexer for this purpose, although I'm still uncertain about how to proceed.

I have devised a meta syntax for the compositor, which represents a subset of the JavaScript language. This meta syntax is valid in terms of a standard JavaScript interpreter but lacks functionality (I utilize synonyms for reserved words as labels followed by code blocks, expecting the compositor to interpret them). Currently, I rely on a scanner and regex to identify this meta syntax in source files and perform a basic lexical transformation based on legal expressions.

The close interconnection between the modified javascript and the scanner/parser concerns me since the rewritten javascript depends on features from a specialized object support library that may undergo changes.

I am considering defining the meta syntax in Backaus-Naur or EBNF, feeding it to a lexer such as ANTLR, and directing the compositor based on detected meta syntax expressions in source files to perform various actions like inserting a required script into another, declaring variables, generating text for a parameterized library function call, or even compressing a script.

Is leveraging a Scanner/Parser/Lexer approach appropriate for building a compositor? Should I pursue this path for composing JavaScript? Any feedback is welcome as I seek guidance on how to proceed :)

UPDATE: Let's delve into a concrete example - an object declaration featuring meta syntax:

namespace: ie.ondevice
{
    use: ie.ondevice.lang.Mixin;
    use: ie.ondevice.TraitsDeclaration;

    declare: Example < Mixin | TraitsDeclaration
    {
        include: "path/to/file.extension";
        // implementation here
    }
}

This snippet describes the object ie.ondevice.Example, inheriting Mixin and incorporating traits similar to TraitsDeclaration. The compositor would detect the use statements, verify if the namespace corresponds to a valid file location, and prepend scripts where the object declarations exist, preprocessing meta syntax before collating.

Through rewrite rules utilizing the aforementioned object support library, the resulting file could potentially resemble this format (multiple object representations have been explored):

module("ie.ondevice.Example", function (mScope)
{
   // mScope acts as a delegate
   mScope.use("ie.ondevice.lang.Mixin");
   mScope.use("ie.ondevice.TraitsDeclaration");

   // With two use statements, mScope.localVars would contain:
   // "var Mixin= ie.ondevice.lang.Mixin, TraitsDeclaration= ie.ondevice.TraitsDeclaration"
   // Through eval, imported objects are introduced with their local names

   eval(mScope.localVars); 

   // Extension of Function.prototype with functions like inherits, define, defineStatic, resembles, and getName

   // Prototypal inheritance employing an anonymous bridge constructor
   Example.inherits(Mixin);

   // Addition of named methods and properties to Example.prototype
   Example.define
   (
       // list of functions and properties
   );

   // Guaranteeing that Example.prototype mirrors TraitsDeclaration.prototype in terms of property names and types,
   // throwing an exception if discrepancies arise.
   // Optionally disabled in production - solely executed during object declaration,
   // avoiding additional overhead during instantiation
   Example.resembles(TraitsDeclaration);

   // Constructor
   function Example ()
   {
       Mixin.call(this);
   };

   // If necessary, generates the ie.ondevice object hierarchy 
   // and makes the constructor accessible to it
   mScope.exports(Example);
 });

While it's possible that I might be overcomplicating my needs, my ideal scenario involves an event-driven collator where listeners can be loosely associated with directive detections.

Answer №1

Yes, I believe using a parser generator like ANTLR is the best approach. If you can provide a specific example of what you need to parse, I or someone else may be able to offer further assistance.

Scott Stanchfield has created some informative video tutorials for beginners interested in learning about ANTLR.

EDIT:

In reference to your supplied example:

namespace: ie.ondevice
{
    use: ie.ondevice.lang.Mixin;
    use: ie.ondevice.TraitsDeclaration;

    declare: Example < Mixin | TraitsDeclaration
    {
        include: "path/to/file.extension";
        // implementation here
    }
}

Here is an illustration of how a grammar (specifically for ANTLR) might be structured:

parse
    :   'namespace' ':' packageOrClass '{'
            useStatement*
            objDeclaration
        '}'
    ;

useStatement
    :    'use' ':' packageOrClass ';'
    ;

includeStatement
    :    'include' ':' StringLiteral ';'
    ;

objDeclaration
    :    'declare' ':' Identifier ( '<' packageOrClass )? ( '|' packageOrClass )* '{' 
             includeStatement* 
         '}'
    ;

packageOrClass
    :    ( Identifier ( '.' Identifier )* )
    ;

StringLiteral
    :    '"' ( '\\\\' | '\\"' | ~( '"' | '\\' ) )* '"'
    ;

Identifier
    :    ( 'a'..'z' | 'A'..'Z' | '_' ) ( 'a'..'z' | 'A'..'Z' | '_' | '0'..'9' )*    
    ;

LineComment
    :    '//' ~( '\r' | '\n' )* ( '\r'? '\n' | EOF )     
    ;

Spaces
    :    ( ' ' | '\t' | '\r' | '\n' )     
    ;

This type of grammar, known as a mixed grammar, enables ANTLR to generate both lexer and parser components. The lexer rules are denoted by starting with capital letters while the parser rules start with lowercase letters.

You could utilize the generated parser to create a FJSObject (Fuzzy JavaScript Object):

class FJSObject {

    String name;
    String namespace;
    String inherit;
    List<String> use;
    List<String> include;
    List<String> resemble;

    FJSObject() {
        use = new ArrayList<String>();
        include = new ArrayList<String>();
        resemble = new ArrayList<String>();
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
        b.append("name      : ").append(name).append('\n');
        b.append("namespace : ").append(namespace).append('\n');
        b.append("inherit   : ").append(inherit).append('\n');
        b.append("resemble  : ").append(resemble).append('\n');
        b.append("use       : ").append(use).append('\n');
        b.append("include   : ").append(include);
        return b.toString();
    }
}

As the parser processes the token stream, it populates the variables of the FJSObject. You have the flexibility to incorporate plain Java code within the grammar by enclosing it within { and } brackets. A sample is provided below:

grammar FJS;

@parser::members {FJSObject obj = new FJSObject();}

parse
    :   'namespace' ':' p=packageOrClass {obj.namespace = $p.text;}
        '{'
            useStatement*
            objDeclaration
        '}'
    ;

useStatement
    :   'use' ':' p=packageOrClass {obj.use.add($p.text);} ';'
    ;

includeStatement
    :   'include' ':' s=StringLiteral {obj.include.add($s.text);} ';'
    ;

objDeclaration
    :   'declare' ':' i=Identifier {obj.name = $i.text;} 
        ( '<' p=packageOrClass {obj.inherit = $p.text;} )? 
        ( '|' p=packageOrClass {obj.resemble.add($p.text);} )* 
        '{' 
            includeStatement* 
            // ...
        '}'
    ;

packageOrClass
    :   ( Identifier ( '.' Identifier )* )
    ;

StringLiteral
    :   '"' ( '\\\\' | '\\"' | ~( '"' | '\\' ) )* '"'
    ;

Identifier
    :   ( 'a'..'z' | 'A'..'Z' | '_' ) ( 'a'..'z' | 'A'..'Z' | '_' | '0'..'9' )* 
    ;

LineComment
    :   '//' ~( '\r' | '\n' )* ( '\r'? '\n' | EOF ) {skip();} // ignoring these tokens
    ;

Spaces
    :   ( ' ' | '\t' | '\r' | '\n' ) {skip();} // ignoring these tokens
    ;

Save the code above in a file named FJS.g, download ANTLR, and let it generate your lexer and parser by running this command:

java -cp antlr-3.2.jar org.antlr.Tool FJS.g

To test the generated files, execute the following:

public class ANTLRDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        String source =
                "namespace: ie.ondevice                             \n"+
                "{                                                  \n"+
                "    use: ie.ondevice.lang.Mixin;                   \n"+
                "    use: ie.ondevice.TraitsDeclaration;            \n"+
                "                                                   \n"+
                "    declare: Example < Mixin | TraitsDeclaration   \n"+
                "    {                                              \n"+
                "        include: \"path/to/file.extension\";       \n"+
                "        // implementation here                     \n"+
                "    }                                              \n"+
                "}                                                    ";
        ANTLRStringStream in = new ANTLRStringStream(source);
        CommonTokenStream tokens = new CommonTokenStream(new FJSLexer(in));
        FJSParser parser = new FJSParser(tokens);
        parser.parse();
        System.out.println(parser.obj);
    }
} 

The output should resemble the following:

name      : Example
namespace : ie.ondevice
inherit   : Mixin
resemble  : [TraitsDeclaration]
use       : [ie.ondevice.lang.Mixin, ie.ondevice.TraitsDeclaration]
include   : ["path/to/file.extension"]

From the FJSObject class, you can manage the generation or modification of your meta/source files. Additionally, you can conduct checks to verify the existence of included files.

I hope this helps!

Answer №2

For further exploration, consider exploring the Mozilla Rhino project. It offers a comprehensive solution for executing JavaScript on the JVM, with the added benefit of having well-encapsulated code for parsing JavaScript that can be utilized independently from the complete execution capabilities.

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