Issues arise with WebSocket connections when utilizing TLS, although they function normally when not using encryption

While my web application utilizing WebSockets runs smoothly with the ws protocol, there are some hiccups when switching to wss. Most messages between client and server get through as expected, but on occasion I encounter one of the following errors in the Chrome console:

"Could not decode a text frame as UTF-8."

or

"Invalid frame header"

When this occurs, Chrome terminates the connection. This issue arises whether I serve using wss directly from the server (running on .NET with SuperWebSocket) or when using Apache's mod_proxy_wstunnel to reverse proxy from ws to wss. Interestingly, setting up a basic "echo" server under the same Apache setup does not exhibit this problem. It seems that there might be something peculiar about the data being transmitted through the SuperWebSocket API (despite the messages being valid UTF-8 and functioning normally over ws).

The puzzling aspect is how changing protocols could lead to such issues. Hence, my query:

Is it possible for a WebSocket frame to be error-free when sent without TLS but become corrupted when sent with TLS?

javascript.netsslwebsocket

Answer №1

Is it possible for a WebSocket frame to be valid without TLS but become corrupted when sent with TLS?

No, the use of wss:// versus ws:// simply means that one is encrypted using TLS while the other is not. The WebSockets protocol itself does not change based on whether it is running over plain TCP or a TLS-protected connection, similar to the distinction between https:// and http://.

However, a TLS connection may be more susceptible to data corruption if packets are modified by an intermediary. In this case, ws:// may not detect the modification, whereas wss:// would signal an error because the packet alteration was detected. Any errors related to invalid frame headers should typically occur at the connection level rather than within the WebSockets communication itself.

If you are encountering issues with your WebSockets backend, it is possible that the additional TLS layer in wss:// could impact the timing and buffering of data within the server, potentially leading to race conditions that are more likely with wss:// compared to ws://.

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