Exploring the differences between object-oriented JavaScript using prototypes compared to closures

Interested in learning about the variances between different OOP javascript techniques. Although they may achieve similar results, is one method considered superior over the other?

function Book(title) {
    this.title = title;
}

Book.prototype.getTitle = function () {
    return this.title;
};

var myBook = new Book('War and Peace');
alert(myBook.getTitle())

vs

function Book(title) {
    var book = {
        title: title
    };
    book.getTitle = function () {
        return this.title;
    };
    return book;
}

var myBook = Book('War and Peace');
alert(myBook.getTitle())

Answer №1

Creating the second object does not actually instantiate it; instead, it just returns an object. This means that you cannot utilize operators like instanceof. For example, with the first scenario, you can use if (myBook instanceof Book) to verify if the variable is a Book type, but this would not work with the second case.

If you wish to define your object methods within the constructor, this is the correct method:

function Book(title) {
    this.title = title;

    this.getTitle = function () {
        return this.title;
    };
}

var myBook = new Book('War and Peace');
alert(myBook.getTitle())

Although both examples may appear similar in behavior, there are distinctions. Using a closure-based approach allows for private variables and methods (just do not expose them in the this object). This enables functionalities such as:

function Book(title) {
    var title_;

    this.getTitle = function() {
        return title_;
    };

    this.setTitle = function(title) {
        title_ = title;
    };

    // It's advisable to use the setter in case additional operations need to be performed
    this.setTitle(title);
}

External code outside of the Book function is unable to directly access the member variable; instead, they must utilize the accessors.

Another significant contrast is performance; Prototype-based classes typically exhibit higher speed due to the overhead involved in using closures. Detailed information on the performance variations can be found in this article: http://blogs.msdn.com/b/kristoffer/archive/2007/02/13/javascript-prototype-versus-closure-execution-speed.aspx

Answer №2

It can be challenging to determine which option is superior based on the specific context in which they are utilized.

When deciding between coding methods like Prototype and Closure, I consider three key factors (given that I actively employ both):

  1. Performance/Resources
  2. Compression requirements
  3. Project Management

1. Performance/Resources

If I only need a single instance of the object, either method works adequately with negligible speed differences. However, if I have to create 100,000 instances (e.g., for a book library), the Prototype Method is more efficient. This is because all .prototype functions are created just once, unlike the Closure Method where they would be replicated 100,000 times. Resources are precious and not unlimited.

2. Compression

For situations where compression efficiency matters (such as browser libraries/modules), I opt for the Closure Method. Here's why:

Compression - Prototype Method

function Book(title) {
    this.title = title;
}

Book.prototype.getTitle = function () {
  return this.title;
};

After compression, YUI reduces it to

function Book(a){this.title=a}Book.prototype.getTitle=function(){return this.title};

This results in approximately an 18% reduction (excluding spaces/tabs/returns). However, variables/functions must be exposed using "this.variable=value," limiting optimization potential during compression.

Compression - Closure Method

function Book(title) {
  var title = title; 

this.getTitle = function () {
  return title;
};
}

After compression, YUI reduces it to

function Book(a){var a=a;this.getTitle=function(){return a}};

This approach achieves around a 33% decrease in size. Local variables can be optimized, offering significant compression savings particularly in larger modules with numerous support functions.

3. Project Management

In collaborative projects involving multiple developers working on the same module, I prefer utilizing the Prototype Method, unless performance or compression concerns dictate otherwise.

When developing for browsers, I can override "production.prototype.aFunction" from "production.js" with my own "test.js" (loaded afterward) for testing purposes without modifying the actively developed "production.js."

I tend to avoid complex GIT repository workflows involving checkout, branching, merging, and conflicts, opting for simplicity.

The ability to redefine or "hijack" a module's function for testing purposes can indeed be advantageous, but delving into the complexities of this process is beyond the scope of this discussion...

Answer №3

The traditional approach to using JavaScript is represented by the former method. The latter technique, championed in part by Douglas Crockford, has emerged as a more contemporary and adaptable option.

Another way to achieve this is:

function Novel(title) {
    return {
        getTitle: function () {
            return title;
        }
    }
}

This code snippet creates an object with a single method called getTitle, which retrieves the stored title through closure.

If you're interested in exploring private members in JavaScript further, be sure to check out Crockford's informative page on Private Members in JavaScript. It offers valuable insights into different approaches.

Answer №4

It's not just about code re-usability, but also delves into the concept of reusability beneath the surface. The first example demonstrates how using the Function.prototype property results in all instances of the Book function-object sharing the same version of the getTitle method. In contrast, the second snippet showcases how executing the Book function creates and maintains separate copies of the local closurable book object in the 'bookshelf'.

function Book(title) {
    var book = {
        title: title
    };
    book.getTitle = function () {
        return this.title += '#';
    };
    return book;
}

var myBook = Book('War and Peace');
var myAnotherBook = Book('Anna Karenina');
alert(myBook.getTitle()); // War and Peace#
alert(myBook.getTitle()); // War and Peace##
alert(myAnotherBook.getTitle()); // Anna Karenina#
alert(myBook.getTitle());// War and Peace###

In contrast, prototype members are shared among all new instances of the object. This subtle distinction between them may not be immediately apparent due to the closure mechanism at play.

Answer №5

Take a look at this post regarding the topic. Typically, Book inherits properties from Book.prototype. In the initial example, you're including a function to retrieve the title from Book.prototype.

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