Dollar Sign vs "$$()" Sparkling Protractor with "by.css()" vs "$()"

I'm a bit confused about the purposes of the $ and $$ commands. I initially thought they were just substitutes for 'by.css', but why use $$? 

<element id = "eId"></element>

Based on the example above, I assumed that these two lines are interchangeable:

element(by.css('#eId'));

and

element($('#eId'));

However, the first line works while the second one doesn't. So what sets them apart?

The documentation doesn't offer much clarity. It suggests that "$" is mainly used for chaining, like 

element(by.css('#eId')).element($('#childId'));
, which means "Select the first element, then select the second element within the first.' Nevertheless, there are instances where $ is used to select the initial element.

With all that said, it boils down to one question: "What makes by.css, $, and $$ different from each other?"

javascriptangularjsseleniumtestingprotractor

Answer №1

$ and $$ serve as convenient shortcuts.

$("selector") can be used instead of element(by.css("selector")).

$$("selector") functions as an alternative for element.all(by.css("selector")).

For your information, here is a quote from the source code:

ElementFinder.prototype.$ = function(selector) {
  return this.element(webdriver.By.css(selector));
};

ElementArrayFinder.prototype.$$ = function(selector) {
  return this.all(webdriver.By.css(selector));
};

The original commit that introduced this feature.

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